Motivation: Introduction to the Theory, Concepts, and Research

Motivation is a psychological construct that refers to the disposition to act and direct behavior according to a goal. Like most of psychological processes, motivation develops throughout the life span and is influenced by both biological and environmental factors. The aim of this chapter is to summarize research on the development of motivation from infancy to adolescence, which can help understand the typical developmental trajectories of this ability and its relation to learning. We will start with a review of some of the most influential theories of motivation and the aspects each of them has emphasized. We will also explore how biology and experience interact in this development, paying special attention to factors such as: school, family, and peers, as well as characteristics of the child including self-esteem, cognitive development, and temperament. Finally, we will discuss the implications of understanding the developmental trajectories and the factors that have an impact on this development, for both teachers and parents.

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Notes

This is not intended to be an exhaustive review of motivational theories. For a more detailed review see: (Dörnyei and Ushioda 2013; Eccles and Wigfield 2002; Wentzel and Miele 2009; Wigfield et al. 2007).

For more information on the development of motivation in adults you can see: Carstensen 1993; Kanfer and Ackerman 2004; Wlodkowski 2011.

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Authors and Affiliations

1. Escuela de Psicología, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile Paulina Arango

1. Paulina Arango